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Henry III (1574–1589) Political and economic context.
Henry III inherited a kingdom already torn by the Wars of Religion. Four of the eight civil wars fell in his reign; the last (the War of the Three Henrys, 1585–89) pitted him against both the Protestant Henry of Navarre and the Catholic League led by the Guises. Royal authority collapsed in many cities. Inflation, debasement of billon, hoarding of good silver, and wartime mint seizures produced a severe shortage of trustworthy small change. After his assassination in August 1589, League-held towns continued striking coins in his name (or for their puppet “Charles X”) for several more years.
The coin.
The type became the douzain aux deux H. Fineness fell to about 0.240 silver; theoretical weight was near 2.4 g. Obverse: crowned arms of France flanked by two H’s; legend usually names him king of France and Poland. Reverse: a scalloped (échancrée) cross with four crowns or mixed crowns and lilies. Temporary and emergency mints (Martigues, Berre, and others) appeared as cities changed hands. Quality is often poor: short flans, weak strikes, and heavy wear reflect both the alloy and the chaos of circulation.
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